Viola L., 1753

Botany

violets

Online references

Taxonomy

Species

Viola abortiva Jord. 21 20

Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv. 119 117

Viola acuminata Ledeb. 8 8

Viola acutifolia (Kar. & Kir.) W.Becker 1 1

Viola adunca Sm. 21 21

Viola aethnensis Parl. 9 9

Viola aetolica Boiss. & Heldr. 7 7

Viola aff. canina L. 2

Viola agrestis Jord. 124 120

Viola alba Besser 680 642

Viola alba x hirta 17

Viola alba x odorata 24

Viola albanica Halácsy 3 3

Viola allchariensis G.Becker 6 6

Viola allionii Hegetschw. 3 2

Viola alpestris Jord. 149 148

Viola alpina Jacq. 67 67

Viola altaica Ker Gawl. 75 75

Viola angustifolia Phil. 4 4

Viola arcuata Blume 38 38

Viola arenaria DC. 394 389

Viola arenaria x riviniana 8

Viola arguta Willd. ex Humb. & Bonpl. 42 42

Viola arvensis x kitaibeliana 2

Viola arvensis x tricolor 5

Viola atlantica Pomel 1 1

Viola balansae Gagnep. 1 1

Viola baltica W.Becker 2 2

Viola banatica Kit. ex Schult. 9 9

Viola bangii Rusby 6 6

Viola barceloi Nyman 6 6

Viola beckiana Fiala ex Beck 8 8

Viola belophylla H.Boissieu 8 8

Viola beraudii Boreau 39 39

Viola bertolonii Pio 17 17

Viola bertoti Souché 19

Viola bertotii Souché ex Corb. 17 17

Viola betonicifolia Sm. 94 94

Viola bicolor Pursh 6 6

Viola biflora L. 766 753

Viola billotiana F.W.Schultz ex Nyman 4 4

Viola billotii F.W.Schultz 11 11

Viola boliviana Britton 4 4

Viola brachypetala Gay 2 2

Viola brevistipulata W.Becker 7 7

Viola bubanii 45 42

Viola bulbosa Maxim. 23 23

Viola caespitosa Lange 5 5

Viola caflishii Woerl. 4 4

Viola calabra A.Huet ex Nyman 1 1

Viola calaminaria 19 18

Viola calcarata L. 770 756

Viola cameleo H.Boissieu 4 4

Viola canadensis L. 130 129

Viola canescens Wall. 4 4

Viola canina L. 1592 1532

Viola canina x persicifolia 7

Viola canina x riviniana 72

Viola canina x silvatica 2

Viola canina x sylvatica 9

Viola capillaris Pers. 15

Viola cazorlensis Gand. 30 28

Viola cenisia L. 399 391

Viola cerasifolia A.St.-Hil. 31 31

Viola cetia Beck ex Borbás 2 2

Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W.Becker 6

Viola cheiranthifolia Humb. & Bonpl. 29 28

Viola christii W.Wolf 9 9

Viola chrysantha Rchb. 24 24

Viola ciliata Schttdl. 4 4

Viola cinerea Boiss. 13 13

Viola clementiana Boiss. 2

Viola cochleata Coincy 25 25

Viola collina Besser 185 185

Viola collina x odorata 4

Viola commersonii DC. 5 5

Viola comollia Messara 9 9

Viola conferta A.St.-Hil. 4 4

Viola confertifolia C.C.Chang 4 4

Viola confusa Champ. ex Benth. 4 4

Viola congesta Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. 10 10

Viola consimilis Jord. 4 4

Viola conspersa Rchb. 21 21

Viola coreana H.Boissieu 7 7

Viola cornuta L. 455 439

Viola corsica Nyman 40 40

Viola cotyledon Ging. 12 12

Viola crassiuscula Bory 45 44

Viola cryana Gillot 14 13

Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández 1 1

Viola cucullata 189 188

Viola cunninghamii Hook.f. 2 2

Viola curtisii E.Forst. 25 25

Viola curvistylis Boissieu ex Gagnep. 14 14

Viola cuspidifolia W.Becker 1 1

Viola dactyloides Schult. 14 14

Viola dalatensis Gagnep. 5 5

Viola davidi Franch. 24 24

Viola davidii Franch. 1 1

Viola decipiens Reiche 8 8

Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit. 58 57

Viola decumbens L.f. 27 27

Viola delavayi Franch. 41 41

Viola delphinantha Boiss. 20 19

Viola delphiniifolia Nutt. 27 27

Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss. 31 30

Viola derelicta Jord. 11 11

Viola deseglisei Jord. ex Boreau 28 28

Viola dichroa Boiss. & A. Huet 8 8

Viola diffusa Ging. 107 107

Viola dimorphophylla Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang 1 1

Viola dissecta Ledeb. 2 2

Viola diversifolia (DC.) W.Becker 6 6

Viola doerfleri Degen 1 1

Viola dombeyana DC. ex Ging. 17 17

Viola domburgensis W.Becker 1 1

Viola domeykoana Gay 1 1

Viola dubyana Burnat ex Gremli 32 32

Viola duffortii Fouill. 29 28

Viola dumetorum Jord. 28 28

Viola durennei Petitm. 7 7

Viola dyris Maire 32 28

Viola ebracteolata Fenzl 11 11

Viola einseleana F.W.Schultz ex Nyman 7 7

Viola elatior Fr. 373 358

Viola elatior x stagnina 3

Viola elegans 15 15

Viola elegantula Schott 5 5

Viola elegantula x tricolor 2

Viola elongata Poir. 3 3

Viola ennasperma L. 1 1

Viola epipsila Ledeb. 58 57

Viola epipsila x palustris 17

Viola ericetorum Schrad. ex Link 15 15

Viola eriocarpa Schwein. 12 12

Viola eugeniae Parl. 15 15

Viola eximia Formánek 2 2

Viola falconeri Hook.f. & Thomson 1 1

Viola fargesii H.Boissieu 19 19

Viola faurieana W.Becker 4 4

Viola fennica F.Nyl. 3 3

Viola ferrarinii Moraldo & Ricceri 1 1

Viola fimbriata Steud. 2 2

Viola flavescens Jord. 6 6

Viola flavicans Wedd. 2 2

Viola flavida Bureau & Franch. 9 9

Viola floribunda Jord. 12 12

Viola forrestiana W.Becker 1 1

Viola foucaudii A.Sav. 39 36

Viola foudrasii Jord. 19 18

Viola fouilladei Becker 23 23

Viola franchetii H.Boissieu 1 1

Viola fuscifolia W.Becker 2 2

Viola ganderi Hausm. ex Nyman 5 5

Viola glabella Nutt. 50 50

Viola gmeliniana Roem. & Schult. 31 31

Viola gonzalii Sennen 2

Viola gracilescens Jord. 108 105

Viola gracilis Sm. 84 84

Viola gracillima A.St.-Hil. 19 19

Viola graeca (W.Becker) Halácsy 3 3

Viola grahamii Benth. 13 13

Viola grandiflora L. 29 28

Viola grandisepala W.Becker 7 7

Viola granulosa Wedd. 1 1

Viola grayi Franch. & Sav. 17 17

Viola griffithiana Boiss. 5 5

Viola grisebachiana Vis. 4 4

Viola grypoceras A.Gray 40 40

Viola hallii A. Gray 5 5

Viola hastata Michx. 14 14

Viola haynaldi Wiesb. 14

Viola haynaldii Wiesb. 4 4

Viola hederacea Labill. 73 70

Viola heldreichiana Boiss. 10 10

Viola hemsleyana Calderón 1 1

Viola henriquesii Willk. ex Cout. 3 3

Viola henryi H.Boissieu 3 3

Viola herzogii Bornm. 1 1

Viola hirta x alba 1

Viola hirta x odorata 28

Viola hispida Lam. 98 96

Viola hookeriana Kunth 7 7

Viola hossei W.Becker 2 2

Viola howellii A.Gray 11 11

Viola huidobrii Gay 10 10

Viola humilis Kunth 27 27

Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr. 20 19

Viola idaea Gand. 11 10

Viola ignobilis Rupr. 1 1

Viola incisa Turcz. 5 5

Viola incompta Jord. 10 10

Viola indica W.Becker 2 2

Viola intermedia Rchb. 11 11

Viola intricata Arv.-Touv. 9 9

Viola ipecacuanha L. 2 2

Viola ircutiana Turcz. 2 2

Viola itoubou Aubl. 4 4

Viola jalapaensis W.Becker 4 4

Viola jaubertiana Mares & Vigin. 14 10

Viola javanica W.Becker 2 2

Viola jordanii Hanry 46 40

Viola juressii Link ex Cout. 2 2

Viola kauaensis A.Gray 6 6

Viola kitaibeliana Schult. 123 122

Viola kunawurensis Royle 8

Viola kusanoana Makino 8 8

Viola labradorica Schrank 9 6

Viola lactea Sm. 177 162

Viola lactea x silvestris 6

Viola lanceolata L. 68 68

Viola lancifolia Thore 300 296

Viola lancifolia x silvestris 3

Viola langeana Valentine 2 2

Viola langsdorffii Fisch. ex Ging. 16 16

Viola lapeyrousiana (Rouy & Foucaud) A.W.Hill 6 6

Viola largsdorflii Fisch. ex Ging. 2 2

Viola latisepala Wettst. 2 2

Viola lechleri Griseb. 1 1

Viola lecomteana W.Becker ex Gagnep. 3 3

Viola lepida Jord. 34 34

Viola leucantha Gaud. 1 1

Viola leyboldiana Phil. 1 1

Viola lindeniana Turcz. 1 1

Viola livida Kit. ex Schult. 4 4

Viola lloydii Jord. ex Boreau 42 42

Viola lobata Benth. 27 27

Viola longepedunculata Franch. & Sav. 5 5

Viola lucens W.Becker 1 1

Viola lucorum F. Schultz 6 6

Viola lusitana Brot. 10 10

Viola lusitanica 24 24

Viola lutea Lam. 467 451

Viola luteola Jord. 16 15

Viola lutzii E.G.Camus 6 6

Viola macedonica Boiss. & Heldr. 30 29

Viola macrantha Huet ex Nyman 3 2

Viola macroceras Bunge 6 6

Viola maderensis Lowe 12 12

Viola magellanica Poir. 18 18

Viola magellensis Strobl 8 7

Viola makinoi H.Boissieu 1 1

Viola mandonii W.Becker 6 4

Viola mandshurica W.Becker 35 35

Viola maritima Spreng. ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch 1 1

Viola maroccana Maire 18 18

Viola martinicensis 1 1

Viola mauiensis H.Mann 4 4

Viola mauritii Tepl. 9 9

Viola meduanensis Boreau 85 85

Viola melissifolia Greene 1 1

Viola mentita Jord. 10 10

Viola metajaponica Nakai 17 17

Viola metziana Hohen. ex Hook.f. 1 1

Viola micrantha Albert 4 4

Viola micranthella Wedd. 6 4

Viola microcentra W.Becker 1 1

Viola microceras Schur 3 3

Viola microphylla Phil. 6 6

Viola microphyllos Poir. 2

Viola miersii Bertero ex Steud. 1 1

Viola minima 5 5

Viola minuta M.Bieb. 5 5

Viola mirabilis L. 446 435

Viola mirabilis x riviniana 6

Viola modesta Fenzl. 17 17

Viola moncaunica Pau 4 4

Viola mongolica Franch. 6 6

Viola montagnei Gay 3 3

Viola montana L. 65 65

Viola montcaunica Pau 11 11

Viola monticola Jord. 36 35

Viola moupinensis Franch. 23 23

Viola × multicaulis Jordan 129 125

Viola nana (DC.) Le Jol. 53 53

Viola nannei Pol. 2 2

Viola nebrodensis C.Presl 10 10

Viola neglecta M.Bieb. 5 5

Viola nemausensis Jord. 73 72

Viola nemoralis Jord. 29 28

Viola nemorum Rouy & Foucaud 7 7

Viola nevadensis Boiss. 10 8

Viola nivalis Benth. 1 1

Viola nuda W.Becker 1 1

Viola nuevo-leonensis W.Becker 3 3

Viola nummularia Lam. 4 4

Viola nummulariifolia All. 108 105

Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes 3 3

Viola obliqua Hill 7 7

Viola occulta Lehm. 55 55

Viola odontocalycina Boiss. 4 3

Viola odorata L. 1005 959

Viola olyssiponensis Rouy 54 53

Viola oreades M.Bieb. 3

Viola orphanidis Boiss. 24 24

Viola ovato-oblonga Makino 1 1

Viola oxyodontis Ballard 2 2

Viola pachyrhiza Franch. 2 2

Viola pachyrrhiza Boiss. & Hohen. 8 8

Viola paillouxi Jord. 56 55

Viola painteri Rose & House 12 12

Viola pallens (Banks ex DC.) Brainerd 37 37

Viola palmata L. 88 88

Viola palustris L. 693 678

Viola paradoxa Lowe 11 11

Viola parvula Tineo 117 116

Viola patrinii Ging. 104 104

Viola pedatifida G.Don 3

Viola pendulicarpa W.Becker 1 1

Viola pensylvanica Michx. 11 11

Viola pentadactyla Fenzl 24 23

Viola peregrina Jord. ex Boreau 45 45

Viola permixta Jord. 150 150

Viola perplexa Gremli 2 2

Viola perpusilla Boissieu 1 1

Viola persicifolia Schreb. 148 147

Viola pesneaui J.Lloyd 10 10

Viola petelotii W.Becker ex Gagnep. 3 3

Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim. 25 25

Viola philippica Cav. 12 11

Viola pinnata L. 206 204

Viola pisinica W.Becker 1 1

Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner 6 6

Viola polycephala H.E.Ballard & P.Jorg. 6 6

Viola polychroma A.Kern. 16 12

Viola portalesia Gay 13 13

Viola pratensis Mert. & W.D.J.Koch 108 108

Viola principis H.Boissieu 3 3

Viola prionantha Bunge 36 36

Viola propera Jord. 41 40

Viola propinqua Jord. 5 5

Viola provostii Boreau 42 40

Viola prunellaefolia Kunth 3 3

Viola pseudogracilis Strobl 8

Viola pseudomirabilis H.J.Coste 30

Viola pseudosepincola W.Becker 3 3

Viola pubescens Aiton 85 84

Viola pumila Chaix 272 270

Viola pumila x silvestris 1

Viola pusillima Wedd. 3 3

Viola pycnophylla Franch. & Sav. 8 8

Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir. 37 37

Viola raddeana Regel 12 12

Viola reichei Skottsb. 1 1

Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau 469 448

Viola reichenbachiana x riviniana 3

Viola reniformis Wall. 4 4

Viola reverchonii Willk. ex Debeaux 14 11

Viola rhodopeia W.Becker 2 2

Viola riviniana x montana 1

Viola riviniana x sylvestris 8

Viola roccabrunensis Espeut 1

Viola rockiana W.Becker 1 1

Viola rolandi Sennen 3

Viola rothomagensis Desf. 125 122

Viola rubella Cav. 23 23

Viola rugulosa Greene 5 5

Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt 182 176

Viola ruppii All. 69 68

Viola ruralis Jord. ex Boreau 126 126

Viola sabulosa Boreau 95 94

Viola sacchalinensis H.Boissieu 12 12

Viola sagittata Aiton 72 71

Viola sagotii Jord. 94 93

Viola sarotina P.Fourn. 1 1

Viola saxifraga Maire 20 20

Viola scabra F.Braun 1 1

Viola scabriuscula Shafer 31 31

Viola scandens Kunth 33 33

Viola scandens x stipularis 1

Viola scaturiginosa Wallr. 2 2

Viola schaffneriana W.Becker 1 1

Viola schneideri W.Becker 1 1

Viola schultzii Billot 53 53

Viola sciaphila W.D.J.Koch 97 97

Viola scorpiuroides 16 15

Viola scotophylla Jord. 351 344

Viola scotophylla x odorata 1

Viola scrotiformis DC. 7 7

Viola segetalis Jord. 174 173

Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie 90 90

Viola sempervivum Gay 5 5

Viola sepincola Jord. 220 219

Viola septemloba Leconte 5 5

Viola septentrionalis Greene 27 27

Viola serpens Wall. ex Ging. 80 80

Viola shikokiana Makino 1 1

Viola sieheana W.Becker 5 3

Viola silvatica (Fr.) C.Hartm. 253 251

Viola soleirolii 1 1

Viola sororia Willd. 9 7

Viola sp. 1127 1108

Viola spathulata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 10 10

Viola speciosa Schrad. ex Rchb. 7 7

Viola stagnina Kit. 158 155

Viola steinbachii W.Becker 3 3

Viola stevenii Besser ex Fauc. 16 16

Viola stipularis Sw. 110 109

Viola stolonifera J.J.Rodr. 3 3

Viola striata Aiton 69 69

Viola striatella H.Boissieu 6 6

Viola stricta Hornem. 75 75

Viola suavis M.Bieb. 85 81

Viola suavissima Jord. 18 18

Viola subatlantica (Maire) Ibn Tattou 1 1

Viola subcarnea Jord. 86 86

Viola subdimidiata Saint-Hilaire 7 7

Viola suberosa Desf. 53 50

Viola subtilis Jord. 22 22

Viola sudetica Willd. 266 261

Viola suecica Fr. 34 34

Viola sze-tschwanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu 7 7

Viola tenerrima Wiesb. ex Nyman 7 7

Viola tezensis Ball 4 4

Viola thibaudieri Franch. & Sav. 3 3

Viola thomasiana Songeon & E.P.Perrier 59 58

Viola thomsonii Oudem. 3 3

Viola thymifolia Britton 1 1

Viola tienschiensis W.Becker 8 8

Viola timbali Jord. 92 89

Viola tolosana Timb.-Lagr. 2 1

Viola tonkinensis Gagnep. 7 7

Viola tricolor arvensis x t. hortensis 1

Viola tricolor subalpina x calcarata 1

Viola trinitatis Losa 1 1

Viola uleana W.Becker 3 3

Viola uliginosa Besser 76 76

Viola umbraticola Kunth 4 4

Viola umbrosa Fr. 36 36

Viola umphangensis S.Nansai, Srisanga & Suwanph., 1 1

Viola uniflora L. 55 55

Viola urophylla Franch. 12 12

Viola ursina Kom. 1 1

Viola vaginata Maxim. 58 58

Viola valderia All. 65 61

Viola valesiaca Hausskn. ex Favrat 6 6

Viola vandasii Velen. 12

Viola variale 1 1

Viola variata Jord. 37 35

Viola variegata Fisch. ex Link 28 28

Viola verecunda A.Gray 85 85

Viola veronicifolia Planch. & Linden 6 6

Viola versicolor Salisb. 16 16

Viola vicina Martrin-Donos 10 9

Viola villaris Sennen & Mauricio 1 1

Viola villosa Nutt. 3 3

Viola virescens Jord. ex Boreau 60 59

Viola vivariensis Jord. 105 102

Viola wailenalenae Skottsb. 2 2

Viola walteri House 9 9

Viola wettsteinii K.Richt. 8

Viola willkommii R.Roem. ex Willk. 13 12

Viola wolffiana W.Becker 2

Viola x adulterina Godr. 3

Viola x heterocarpa Borbàs 1

Viola x hybrida Wiesb. 2

Viola x intermedia Rchb. 4

Viola x intricata Arv.-Touv. 2

Viola x mantziana W.Beck. 1

Viola x semseyana Borbás 1

Viola x tatrae Borbás 1

Viola x teriana Sennen 1

Viola x viatkensis Vl.V.Nikitin 1

Viola yezoensis Maxim. 3 3

Viola yunnanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu 2 2

Viola zoizii 2 2

Viola zoysii Wulfen 14 14

Viola × adulterina Godr. 8

Viola × albiensis Sudre 1

Viola × badensis Wiesb. 6

Viola × catalonica W.Becker 4

Viola × contempta Jord. 8

Viola × glabrescens (Neuman) Tzvelev 1

Viola × gracillima Chatenier 1

Viola × guitteanae Giraudias 2

Viola × kalksburgensis Wiesb. 4

Viola × martii Wiesb. 1

Viola × merkensteiniensis Wiesb. ex Murr 1

Viola × orophila Wiesb. 1

Viola × permixta Jord. 79

Viola × pseudomirabilis H.J.Coste 26

30788 Specimens registered in collections

Collection	Number of specimens (or sets)
Ass. Naturalistes Val. du Loing (ANVL)	24
Cons. et Jard. Bot. de Nancy (NCY)	222
Conservatoire Botanique National Alpin (GAP)	53
Ethnobotany (PAT)	2
Gardens (JB)	86
Herbarium of harmas de J. H. Fabre (FABR)	66
Herbarium of the Museum of Autun (AUT)	40
Inst. des Herbiers Universitaires (CLF)	7
M.H.N. d'Aix-en-Provence (AIX)	206
Scientific Institute (RAB)	57
Soc. Nat. des Sc. Nat. et Math. Cherbourg (CHE)	389
Univ. Montpellier - Inst. of Botany (MPU)	8117
University François Rabelais (TOU)	107
University of Limoges (LIMO)	19
Vascular plants (P)	21383
sla	5
worms	5